1 | | = The Origins of openEHR = #dsy20-OE |
2 | | |
3 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_intro Introduction] |
4 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_gehr The Good European Health Record (GEHR) Project Proposal] |
5 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_gehr-participants Participants in the GEHR Project] |
6 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_gehr-accomplishments The Accomplishments of the GEHR Project] |
7 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_centc251 The Interface between the GEHR Project and Technical |
8 | | Committee TC/251-Medical Informatics of CEN] |
9 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_synapses From GEHR to Synapses in Europe] |
10 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_australia Australia awakens the world electronic health care |
11 | | records community to the approach of GEHR] |
12 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_implementation Implementation, Implementation, implementation! - |
13 | | from GEHR and Synapses to Synex, Medicate and 6-winit in CHIME and UCL] |
14 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_openehr openEHR] |
15 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_openehr-manifesto First Ideas for the openEHR Foundation] |
16 | | * [http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html#dsy20-OE_whehr Whehr now?] |
17 | | |
18 | | ''David Ingram October 2002'' |
19 | | |
20 | | Some ten years after the GEHR project was established in 1989, partners in |
21 | | that project have come together again to review experience gained over the |
22 | | intervening years. It is especially encouraging that a forthcoming ISO standard |
23 | | will elevate formally defined clinical requirements to the highest level in the |
24 | | standards process for electronic healthcare records. So many systems describe |
25 | | themselves as electronic healthcare records and yet share little common concept |
26 | | of what such an entity is and what it is for. |
27 | | |
28 | | The research and development in this field has followed a chaotic and |
29 | | tortuous evolution, influenced inevitably by commercial, political and academic |
30 | | considerations and rivalries and also by severe inertia because of powerful |
31 | | needs to continue to accommodate legacy systems. Confused and confusing |
32 | | arguments have raged about esoteric models of ill-defined clinical terminology, |
33 | | processes and communications. Continuing reinvention of wheels at these levels |
34 | | of abstraction (more precisely concoction of alternative definitions and plans |
35 | | of possibly wheel-like objects!), has inhibited progress. There is still an |
36 | | urgent need for empirical study of the implementation and comparative evaluation |
37 | | of a diverse range of approaches to the provision of high quality electronic |
38 | | healthcare records. This must be informed by international consensus about the |
39 | | requirements to be met. |
40 | | |
41 | | |
| 1 | = openEHRプロジェクト小史 = #dsy20-OE |
| 2 | The Origins of openEHR |
| 3 | |
| 4 | この文章は[!http://www.openehr.org/about/origins.html The Origins of openEHR]の日本語訳です。翻訳の正確さについては一切保証しませんので、適宜原文を参照してください。 |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | |
| 8 | [[TOC]] |
| 9 | |
| 10 | ''David Ingram October 2002'' ''Translated by Shinji KOBAYASHI 2008'' |
| 11 | GEHRプロジェクトが確実なものとなった1989年から10年ほどたった頃、プロジェクトのパートナー達が再び集まって、その間の年月でどのくらいの経験が積み重ねられたのか評価することになった。それは心強いものであり、来るべきISO標準が電子的健康記録(EHR)の標準的プロセスにおいて高いレベルの臨床的要件を公式に定義するために制定されるであろということを示唆していた。EHRとして表現される多くのシステムが存在するが、その間でそのエンティティがどのようなもので何のために存在するのかを共有するための共通概念がほとんどなかった。 |
| 12 | Some ten years after the GEHR project was established in 1989, partners in that project have come together again to review experience gained over the intervening years. It is especially encouraging that a forthcoming ISO standard will elevate formally defined clinical requirements to the highest level in the standards process for electronic healthcare records. So many systems describe themselves as electronic healthcare records and yet share little common concept of what such an entity is and what it is for. |
| 13 | この分野での研究開発は必然的に商業的、政策的、そして学術的意図や競争、レガシーシステムを採用し続けようという強力な要求のためのとんでもない惰性によって必然的に混沌に導かれ、歪んだ発展を遂げてきた。間違って定義された臨床用語やプロセス、コミュニケーションに対する難解なモデルについて、議論は混乱させられてきたし、さらに混乱も生み出してきた。このレベルの抽象化のために車輪の再発明(より正確にはおそらく車輪のようなものの代わりになる定義や計画をでっちあげようとする!)が続けられることで、進歩が妨げられてきた。今でも高品質なEHRを帝京するための多様なアプローチを比較検討し、実装について実証的な研究が求められている。したがって、満たされるべき要件について国際的なコンセンサスが知らされなければならない。 |
| 14 | The research and development in this field has followed a chaotic and tortuous evolution, influenced inevitably by commercial, political and academic considerations and rivalries and also by severe inertia because of powerful needs to continue to accommodate legacy systems. Confused and confusing arguments have raged about esoteric models of ill-defined clinical terminology, processes and communications. Continuing reinvention of wheels at these levels of abstraction (more precisely concoction of alternative definitions and plans of possibly wheel-like objects!), has inhibited progress. There is still an urgent need for empirical study of the implementation and comparative evaluation of a diverse range of approaches to the provision of high quality electronic healthcare records. This must be informed by international consensus about the requirements to be met. |
| 15 | |
| 16 | |
95 | | A Consortium was drawn together by Dr Alain Maskens and Dr Sam Heard to bid |
96 | | to work within AIM on electronic health record architecture. Alain, a Belgian |
97 | | oncologist, was running HDMP, a small software company specialising in |
98 | | electronic healthcare records for GPs. Sam, an Australian General Practitioner, |
99 | | was lecturer at the Medical College of St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London and |
100 | | ran a practice in East London and had developed a general practice system |
101 | | supported by a cooperative of general practices. The two had met through |
102 | | Professor Mal Salkind, head of General Practice at St Bartholomew’s, during the |
103 | | AIM exploratory phase and had begun to collaborate on the development of a |
104 | | generic EHR system. |
105 | | |
106 | | The Consortium comprised seven professional, industrial and academic |
107 | | partners: St Bartholomew’s Medical College (co-ordinating partner); HDMP; The |
108 | | French Red Cross Hospitals; The Association of Doctors and Dentists of |
109 | | Luxembourg; The General Practice Institute of Oporto, Portugal; France Telecom; |
110 | | Smithkline Beecham. |
111 | | |
112 | | Professor David Ingram, Professor of Medical Informatics at St Bartholomew’s |
113 | | Medical College, was invited to lead the Consortium, to prepare the proposal |
114 | | and, subsequently, as Project Director, to run the project. In this, he worked |
115 | | closely with Lesley Southgate, who had succeeded Mal Salkind as Head of Primary |
116 | | Care at St. Bartholomew’s. |
117 | | |
118 | | The project proposal was put together in three months in early 1991 and was |
119 | | given the title ''The Good European Health Record'' (GEHR); the name was |
120 | | proposed by Alain Maskens. After a final 72 hour, round the clock, weekend |
121 | | flurry of preparation, it was submitted just in time. It emerged as an |
122 | | unexpected but warmly endorsed winning proposal, in the adjudication that |
123 | | followed. Some rival consortia had worked for several years to position |
124 | | themselves for the work, so the result was controversial. Negotiations, led for |
125 | | GEHR by David Ingram, were completed with the Commission who were represented by |
126 | | the Project Officer, Jacques Lacombe, and Michael Wilson. The project commenced |
127 | | in January 1992. |
128 | | |
129 | | |
| 70 | A Consortium was drawn together by Dr Alain Maskens and Dr Sam Heard to bid |
| 71 | to work within AIM on electronic health record architecture. Alain, a Belgian oncologist, was running HDMP, a small software company specialising in electronic healthcare records for GPs. Sam, an Australian General Practitioner, was lecturer at the Medical College of St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London and ran a practice in East London and had developed a general practice system supported by a cooperative of general practices. The two had met through Professor Mal Salkind, head of General Practice at St Bartholomew’s, during the AIM exploratory phase and had begun to collaborate on the development of a generic EHR system. |
| 72 | |
| 73 | The Consortium comprised seven professional, industrial and academic |
| 74 | partners: St Bartholomew’s Medical College (co-ordinating partner); HDMP; The French Red Cross Hospitals; The Association of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg; The General Practice Institute of Oporto, Portugal; France Telecom; Smithkline Beecham. |
| 75 | |
| 76 | Professor David Ingram, Professor of Medical Informatics at St Bartholomew’s |
| 77 | Medical College, was invited to lead the Consortium, to prepare the proposal and, subsequently, as Project Director, to run the project. In this, he worked closely with Lesley Southgate, who had succeeded Mal Salkind as Head of Primary Care at St. Bartholomew’s. |
| 78 | |
| 79 | The project proposal was put together in three months in early 1991 and was |
| 80 | given the title ''The Good European Health Record'' (GEHR); the name was proposed by Alain Maskens. After a final 72 hour, round the clock, weekend flurry of preparation, it was submitted just in time. It emerged as an unexpected but warmly endorsed winning proposal, in the adjudication that followed. Some rival consortia had worked for several years to position themselves for the work, so the result was controversial. Negotiations, led for GEHR by David Ingram, were completed with the Commission who were represented by the Project Officer, Jacques Lacombe, and Michael Wilson. The project commenced in January 1992. |
| 81 | |
| 82 | |
| 83 | |
131 | | In addition, to David and Sam, of those still closely involved in the |
132 | | continuing story of GEHR, Dr Dipak Kalra, who led the GEHR Clinical Task Group, |
133 | | and David Lloyd, a key contributor to the technical Task Group, joined the St. |
134 | | Bartholomew's team at the outset. Dr Jo Milan, Director of Information at the |
135 | | Royal Marsden Hospital, London, and Dr Stanley Sheppard, Chief Executive of |
136 | | Update, a UK general practice software company, joined as sub-contractors to St. |
137 | | Bartholomew's. Update had to withdraw from the Consortium in the early days of |
138 | | the project, but Stan maintained contact on a personal basis. Tom Beale was |
139 | | employed as a consultant to the Royal Marsden in 1993 and subsequently joined |
140 | | the St Bartholomew's GEHR team, as a consultant, to assist in the key modelling |
141 | | phase, leading to the first GEHR object model for the health care record. David |
142 | | Ingram was appointed Professor of Health informatics at UCL in London in 1995 |
143 | | and the team, moved there to establish the Centre for Health Informatics |
144 | | (CHIME). Marcia Jacks was the GEHR Project Administrator and is now co-ordinator |
145 | | of CHIME at UCL, where the St. Bartholomew's team moved. |
146 | | |
147 | | Notable contributions in GEHR were also made by: |
148 | | |
149 | | Jeff Geboers, HDMP; Christian Aligne, French Red Cross; Olivier Baille, |
150 | | France Telecom; Daniel Mart, Association of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg; |
151 | | Jose Calado and Helder Machado, Institute of General Practice, Oporto; Mario |
152 | | Cortelezzi, Luxembourg; Penny Grub, Richard Dixon, University of Hull; Lesley |
153 | | Southgate, Jeanette Murphy and Sian Griffiths, St Bartholomew's Medical College; |
154 | | Ian Grey and John Shorter, !SmithKline Beecham; Benoit Hap, C2V Paris;Gerhard |
155 | | Brenner, Carlos Salvador. |
156 | | |
157 | | Lesley Southgate, is now President of the Royal College of General |
158 | | Practitioners of the UK and Daniel Mart is General Secretary of the Association |
159 | | of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg. |
160 | | |
161 | | |
| 85 | In addition, to David and Sam, of those still closely involved in the |
| 86 | continuing story of GEHR, Dr Dipak Kalra, who led the GEHR Clinical Task Group, and David Lloyd, a key contributor to the technical Task Group, joined the St. Bartholomew's team at the outset. Dr Jo Milan, Director of Information at the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, and Dr Stanley Sheppard, Chief Executive of Update, a UK general practice software company, joined as sub-contractors to St. Bartholomew's. Update had to withdraw from the Consortium in the early days of the project, but Stan maintained contact on a personal basis. Tom Beale was employed as a consultant to the Royal Marsden in 1993 and subsequently joined the St Bartholomew's GEHR team, as a consultant, to assist in the key modelling phase, leading to the first GEHR object model for the health care record. David Ingram was appointed Professor of Health informatics at UCL in London in 1995 and the team, moved there to establish the Centre for Health Informatics (CHIME). Marcia Jacks was the GEHR Project Administrator and is now co-ordinator of CHIME at UCL, where the St. Bartholomew's team moved. |
| 87 | |
| 88 | Notable contributions in GEHR were also made by: Jeff Geboers, HDMP; Christian Aligne, French Red Cross; Olivier Baille, |
| 89 | France Telecom; Daniel Mart, Association of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg; Jose Calado and Helder Machado, Institute of General Practice, Oporto; Mario Cortelezzi, Luxembourg; Penny Grub, Richard Dixon, University of Hull; Lesley Southgate, Jeanette Murphy and Sian Griffiths, St Bartholomew's Medical College; Ian Grey and John Shorter, !SmithKline Beecham; Benoit Hap, C2V Paris;Gerhard Brenner, Carlos Salvador. |
| 90 | |
| 91 | Lesley Southgate, is now President of the Royal College of General |
| 92 | Practitioners of the UK and Daniel Mart is General Secretary of the Association of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg. |
| 93 | |
| 94 | |
| 95 | |
190 | | the work, to publish the project results openly, within the public domain. The |
191 | | EU Contract in principle vested IPR for the work with the Consortium. |
192 | | |
193 | | Warmly supported as it was by Niels Rossing and the Commission and by its |
194 | | Project Officer, Jacques Lacombe, the Project proved from its very earliest |
195 | | stages and over time not to be short of powerful opponents, as well. Its results |
196 | | were provided, step by step as they were available and often before official |
197 | | publication, into all the stages of the formulation of EU pre-standards of CEN |
198 | | and further afield. |
199 | | |
200 | | |
201 | | == The Interface between the GEHR Project and Technical Committee |
202 | | TC/251-Medical Informatics of CEN == #dsy20-OE_centc251 |
203 | | At about the same time that the AIM Programme was initiated, CEN established |
204 | | a standards initiative for medical informatics through its Technical Committee |
205 | | TC/251, led by Prof. Georges de Moor. The strategic co-ordination achieved |
206 | | between the AIM and CEN activities was sometimes disappointing and their goals |
207 | | and methods were very different. AIM was tackling the domain through extensive |
208 | | and well funded applied research and development in wide-ranging consortia such |
209 | | as GEHR. CEN, with much less resource, was tackling its role as a consensus |
210 | | building process, using task forces of experts to propose standards which were |
211 | | then voted on by national delegates. Of course, both empirical research and |
212 | | standards setting activities are needed to advance the field. |
213 | | |
214 | | During the course of the GEHR Project, a Project Team was established under |
215 | | TC/251 of CEN, to propose a pre-standard health record architecture. Some early |
216 | | deliverables of GEHR, in formulating clinical requirements and proposing early |
217 | | formal models for the EHCR, were requested by and provided to the CEN project |
218 | | team, led by Petter Hurlen. This team, in which some members of GEHR |
219 | | participated, published the first CEN pre standard, ENV 12265. The extensive use |
220 | | and influence of GEHR project results and concepts available at that time are |
221 | | clear in the CEN publication. The GEHR project continued to develop and refine |
222 | | its approach after the pre-standard was published. |
223 | | |
224 | | GEHR sought to work in a spirit of co-operation. Recognising its deficiencies |
225 | | and successively refining its results, in the public domain, was a key feature |
226 | | of its working method. Opposition and contrary perspectives provide an important |
227 | | and useful crucible for innovation. GEHR was quite radical in its approach and |
228 | | no doubt uncomfortable to have as a partner, as a result. |
229 | | |
230 | | |
| 119 | |
| 120 | the work, to publish the project results openly, within the public domain. The EU Contract in principle vested IPR for the work with the Consortium. |
| 121 | |
| 122 | Warmly supported as it was by Niels Rossing and the Commission and by its |
| 123 | Project Officer, Jacques Lacombe, the Project proved from its very earliest stages and over time not to be short of powerful opponents, as well. Its results were provided, step by step as they were available and often before official publication, into all the stages of the formulation of EU pre-standards of CEN and further afield. |
| 124 | |
| 125 | == The Interface between the GEHR Project and Technical Committee TC/251-Medical Informatics of CEN == #dsy20-OE_centc251 |
| 126 | At about the same time that the AIM Programme was initiated, CEN established |
| 127 | a standards initiative for medical informatics through its Technical Committee TC/251, led by Prof. Georges de Moor. The strategic co-ordination achieved between the AIM and CEN activities was sometimes disappointing and their goals and methods were very different. AIM was tackling the domain through extensive and well funded applied research and development in wide-ranging consortia such as GEHR. CEN, with much less resource, was tackling its role as a consensus building process, using task forces of experts to propose standards which were then voted on by national delegates. Of course, both empirical research and standards setting activities are needed to advance the field. |
| 128 | |
| 129 | During the course of the GEHR Project, a Project Team was established under |
| 130 | TC/251 of CEN, to propose a pre-standard health record architecture. Some early deliverables of GEHR, in formulating clinical requirements and proposing early formal models for the EHCR, were requested by and provided to the CEN project team, led by Petter Hurlen. This team, in which some members of GEHR participated, published the first CEN pre standard, ENV 12265. The extensive use and influence of GEHR project results and concepts available at that time are clear in the CEN publication. The GEHR project continued to develop and refine its approach after the pre-standard was published. |
| 131 | |
| 132 | GEHR sought to work in a spirit of co-operation. Recognising its deficiencies |
| 133 | and successively refining its results, in the public domain, was a key feature of its working method. Opposition and contrary perspectives provide an important and useful crucible for innovation. GEHR was quite radical in its approach and no doubt uncomfortable to have as a partner, as a result. |
| 134 | |
| 135 | |
| 136 | |
232 | | The GEHR Project came to an end at the end of 1994 and two proposals to |
233 | | extend its work plan were not immediately successful. One of these was for a |
234 | | Support Action to maintain co-ordination in health record architecture work and |
235 | | the other for more extensive field trials of the architecture. GEHR had |
236 | | delivered a significant, but by no means completed, advance in the application |
237 | | of object modelling approaches to the electronic health care record (EHCR) and |
238 | | its evaluation against comprehensive clinical and ethical requirements as well |
239 | | as implementation experience. It was clear to the team that this first stage |
240 | | GEHR architecture, the first GEHR Object Model, would require continuing |
241 | | refinement in the light of implementation experience. |
242 | | |
243 | | The project had, throughout, grappled with the issues of relational versus |
244 | | object database representations of clinical data. At the stage of evolution of |
245 | | database technology then pertaining, these concepts were in a state of |
246 | | considerable flux. Aspects of functionality were highly desirable, but they were |
247 | | hard to combine. Both camps argued their case, responding to the emerging needs |
248 | | of complex applications domains, of which the medical record was an obviously |
249 | | challenging example. |
250 | | |
251 | | At the close of the project, the GEHR partners could see the potential |
252 | | requirement for a public domain foundation to take forward their work. It was |
253 | | resolved to leave this issue open until some future stage, when the rationale |
254 | | for how this might operate had become more apparent. |
255 | | |
256 | | In summer 1995, the St Bartholomew's team moved with David Ingram, across |
257 | | London to UCL, when he was recruited to establish the new UCL Centre for Health |
258 | | Informatics and Multi-Professional Education (CHIME). Sam Heard and Tom Beale, |
259 | | now both based in Australia, have remained in close touch with the UCL team have |
260 | | continued regular visits to and fro. David Ingram has made academic visits to |
261 | | Australian Universities and as participant and keynote lecturer at two national |
262 | | Health Informatics Conferences, in Melbourne and Hobart. |
263 | | |
264 | | The GEHR approach remained alive in CHIME and its collaborating centres. |
265 | | Successive research results and implementations of record servers based on this |
266 | | are now making key contributions within the newly launched UK ''Information |
267 | | for Health'' Strategy. The GEHR approach was taken forward on a broader |
268 | | front, beyond the UK and Europe, especially by Sam Heard, Tom Beale and Peter |
269 | | Schloeffel and their colleagues in Australia. |
270 | | |
271 | | Reactions against GEHR: When the GEHR project came to an end, a reaction set |
272 | | in against it. The first GEHR Object Model became a focus of concerted |
273 | | opposition within some groups working in the domain in the UK and within CEN |
274 | | standards bodies. The questioning of the assumptions and approaches of existing |
275 | | products and approaches had been inevitable, but did not make GEHR popular, |
276 | | although its approach always sought to be constructive. It was unfortunate that |
277 | | the work of GEHR came, apparently, to be perceived as a threat to other |
278 | | interests and ambitions, evidenced by the manner in which it was opposed, early, |
279 | | tentative and incomplete as its results were. |
280 | | |
281 | | One important area of controversy arose in the confrontation between the |
282 | | record architecture paradigm and the paradigm of healthcare messages between |
283 | | systems, as typified by the EDIFACT initiatives and the HL7 consortium of |
284 | | suppliers, for interoperability between their products. The advocacy by GEHR and |
285 | | its successors of a record architecture to anchor information standards and |
286 | | services and their contexts within records was controversial and was, and still |
287 | | is, opposed. It did not help that most available clinical systems claiming to be |
288 | | clinical records systems did not meet the commonly agreed clinical understanding |
289 | | of what a clinical record is and the requirements it must meet. |
290 | | |
291 | | It is interesting that, in facing the technical and clinical challenges of |
292 | | implementing real clinical record systems within real health care contexts, |
293 | | health care and international standards bodies have only recently begun to |
294 | | explore rigorously what the requirements for such systems are and how their |
295 | | performance may be assessed against these. This is inexorably drawing the issues |
296 | | raised by the GEHR project, over ten years ago, back into play. The need to |
297 | | focus efforts in this way, as we enter the post Human Genome Project era, is, if |
298 | | anything, more crucial today. |
299 | | |
300 | | The objective of reverse engineering a health record information model from |
301 | | the legacy of an evolving messaging semantics, as typified by successive HL7 |
302 | | versions, is difficult! In GEHR, such messages were seen as being derivable |
303 | | straightforwardly from the GEHR object model underlying the record formalism, in |
304 | | a clinically comprehensive and ethically acceptable manner. However, without an |
305 | | accessible public domain implementation of such a record architecture, it is |
306 | | quite understandable that existing suppliers of systems, struggling to evolve |
307 | | their products to meet the requirements of patient centred and clinically more |
308 | | accountable care, view such an initiative with some concern. |
309 | | |
310 | | Synapses: In 1995, David Ingram and the UCL team joined forces with Professor |
311 | | Jane Grimson of Trinity College Dublin in a new consortium aiming to propose a |
312 | | project to explore the legacy systems integration issues in progressing towards |
313 | | a federated electronic healthcare record. From the other GEHR participants, |
314 | | Daniel Mart of The Association of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg and Jo |
315 | | Milan of the Royal Marsden also joined this larger consortium of EU teams and |
316 | | industries, which included Siemens and Hiscom as major suppliers. |
317 | | |
318 | | Reflecting on the results of the GEHR Project, and looking at the new |
319 | | challenges of implementation of a federated approach, Jo Milan and David Ingram |
320 | | developed and wrote the methodological section of the Synapses Project Proposal |
321 | | that proposed a new paradigm for implementation of the record, which divided the |
322 | | formal description of the architecture into a high level structural model |
323 | | (Synom) and a model of clinical content (Synod), implemented through a clinical |
324 | | object dictionary. |
325 | | |
326 | | The Synapses project from 1995-98 succeeded in implementing several pilot |
327 | | record servers, built according to the Synom/Synod principle, across Europe (see |
328 | | CHIME and TCD web sites). The user requirements and information modelling |
329 | | workpackage was led by Dipak Kalra, and the implementation workpackage by David |
330 | | Ingram. |
331 | | |
332 | | Controversy still dogged the formal methods to be adopted and the principles |
333 | | and detail of the Synom and Synod were difficult and contentious matters within |
334 | | the Synapses consortium. Legacy environments in the demonstrator sites inhibited |
335 | | freedom to design ''de novo'' and reconciling those who wished to restrict |
336 | | implementation to the concepts of the earlier CEN pre-standard model and those |
337 | | who favoured further evolution, utilising the later results of GEHR and moving |
338 | | forward from there was also difficult. Synapses proved another burning crucible |
339 | | of endeavour, where staying power was challenged to the full! |
340 | | |
341 | | Synapses reached a compromise to extend the fundamental concepts of Env |
342 | | 12265, with new aggregation structures to accommodate the requirements analysed |
343 | | and provided for within the GEHR Object Model (GOM) in the later stages of the |
344 | | GEHR project. The low-level Synom/Synod approach, as further developed by the |
345 | | UCL team, proved a robust foundation of implementation, avoiding some of the |
346 | | implementation difficulties associated with the fine granularity of the single |
347 | | level architecture of the original GOM. Progress at UCL with the concept of the |
348 | | object dictionary and tools to support it was encouraging. |
349 | | |
350 | | |
351 | | == Australia awakens the world electronic health care records |
352 | | community to the approach of GEHR == #dsy20-OE_australia |
353 | | Aware of the anti-GEHR sentiments in the UK and in CEN in Europe, Sam Heard |
354 | | and Tom Beale joined forces again in Australia, in 1996, to work together to |
355 | | refine the GEHR Object Model through implementation. This also led to a two |
356 | | level modelling approach - the health record architecture itself and the |
357 | | clinical models or standards required for automatic processing of information. |
358 | | The latter has become known as the GEHR archetype system. |
359 | | |
360 | | The SynOD and Archetype approachesweresubsequently discovered to be largely |
361 | | the same and have been progressively haremonised within a common ''open''EHR architecture. Peter Schloeffel had met David Ingram with |
362 | | Michael Britton, at UCL, in 1996 Michael and David Newble obtained British |
363 | | Council support to invite him to contribute key lectures at a symposium in |
364 | | Adelaide in August 1998, with Sam Heard, and there he met Peter again, as a |
365 | | local systems supplier. |
366 | | |
367 | | Following this event, Peter subsequently met Stan Sheppard and started to |
368 | | develop a business partnership. In these partnerships began the renewed |
369 | | Australian focus on developing the results of the original GEHR project which |
370 | | has had a considerable influence, internationally in the ISO, HL7, CEN and, more |
371 | | importantly in many Net discussion groups and in meetings about the EHCR in the |
372 | | USA. In Australia, the team achieved considerable success in moving to the |
373 | | centre of the national development programme for the EHCR. They worked with |
374 | | systems R&D teams at DSTC on implementation of a GEHR server or kernel, |
375 | | based on the archetype model for content within a higher level information model |
376 | | close to the higher levels of the original GEHR object model. |
377 | | |
378 | | |
| 138 | The GEHR Project came to an end at the end of 1994 and two proposals to |
| 139 | extend its work plan were not immediately successful. One of these was for a Support Action to maintain co-ordination in health record architecture work and the other for more extensive field trials of the architecture. GEHR had delivered a significant, but by no means completed, advance in the application of object modelling approaches to the electronic health care record (EHCR) and its evaluation against comprehensive clinical and ethical requirements as well as implementation experience. It was clear to the team that this first stage GEHR architecture, the first GEHR Object Model, would require continuing refinement in the light of implementation experience. |
| 140 | |
| 141 | The project had, throughout, grappled with the issues of relational versus |
| 142 | object database representations of clinical data. At the stage of evolution of database technology then pertaining, these concepts were in a state of considerable flux. Aspects of functionality were highly desirable, but they were hard to combine. Both camps argued their case, responding to the emerging needs of complex applications domains, of which the medical record was an obviously challenging example. |
| 143 | |
| 144 | At the close of the project, the GEHR partners could see the potential |
| 145 | requirement for a public domain foundation to take forward their work. It was resolved to leave this issue open until some future stage, when the rationale for how this might operate had become more apparent. |
| 146 | |
| 147 | In summer 1995, the St Bartholomew's team moved with David Ingram, across |
| 148 | London to UCL, when he was recruited to establish the new UCL Centre for Health Informatics and Multi-Professional Education (CHIME). Sam Heard and Tom Beale, now both based in Australia, have remained in close touch with the UCL team have continued regular visits to and fro. David Ingram has made academic visits to Australian Universities and as participant and keynote lecturer at two national Health Informatics Conferences, in Melbourne and Hobart. |
| 149 | |
| 150 | The GEHR approach remained alive in CHIME and its collaborating centres. |
| 151 | Successive research results and implementations of record servers based on this are now making key contributions within the newly launched UK ''Information for Health'' Strategy. The GEHR approach was taken forward on a broader front, beyond the UK and Europe, especially by Sam Heard, Tom Beale and Peter Schloeffel and their colleagues in Australia.''''''' |
| 152 | |
| 153 | Reactions against GEHR: When the GEHR project came to an end, a reaction set |
| 154 | in against it. The first GEHR Object Model became a focus of concerted opposition within some groups working in the domain in the UK and within CEN standards bodies. The questioning of the assumptions and approaches of existing products and approaches had been inevitable, but did not make GEHR popular, although its approach always sought to be constructive. It was unfortunate that the work of GEHR came, apparently, to be perceived as a threat to other interests and ambitions, evidenced by the manner in which it was opposed, early, tentative and incomplete as its results were. |
| 155 | |
| 156 | One important area of controversy arose in the confrontation between the |
| 157 | record architecture paradigm and the paradigm of healthcare messages between systems, as typified by the EDIFACT initiatives and the HL7 consortium of suppliers, for interoperability between their products. The advocacy by GEHR and its successors of a record architecture to anchor information standards and services and their contexts within records was controversial and was, and still is, opposed. It did not help that most available clinical systems claiming to be clinical records systems did not meet the commonly agreed clinical understanding of what a clinical record is and the requirements it must meet. |
| 158 | |
| 159 | It is interesting that, in facing the technical and clinical challenges of |
| 160 | implementing real clinical record systems within real health care contexts, health care and international standards bodies have only recently begun to explore rigorously what the requirements for such systems are and how their performance may be assessed against these. This is inexorably drawing the issues raised by the GEHR project, over ten years ago, back into play. The need to focus efforts in this way, as we enter the post Human Genome Project era, is, if anything, more crucial today. |
| 161 | |
| 162 | The objective of reverse engineering a health record information model from |
| 163 | the legacy of an evolving messaging semantics, as typified by successive HL7 versions, is difficult! In GEHR, such messages were seen as being derivable straightforwardly from the GEHR object model underlying the record formalism, in a clinically comprehensive and ethically acceptable manner. However, without an accessible public domain implementation of such a record architecture, it is quite understandable that existing suppliers of systems, struggling to evolve their products to meet the requirements of patient centred and clinically more accountable care, view such an initiative with some concern. |
| 164 | |
| 165 | Synapses: In 1995, David Ingram and the UCL team joined forces with Professor |
| 166 | Jane Grimson of Trinity College Dublin in a new consortium aiming to propose a project to explore the legacy systems integration issues in progressing towards a federated electronic healthcare record. From the other GEHR participants, Daniel Mart of The Association of Doctors and Dentists of Luxembourg and Jo Milan of the Royal Marsden also joined this larger consortium of EU teams and industries, which included Siemens and Hiscom as major suppliers. |
| 167 | |
| 168 | Reflecting on the results of the GEHR Project, and looking at the new |
| 169 | challenges of implementation of a federated approach, Jo Milan and David Ingram developed and wrote the methodological section of the Synapses Project Proposal that proposed a new paradigm for implementation of the record, which divided the formal description of the architecture into a high level structural model (Synom) and a model of clinical content (Synod), implemented through a clinical object dictionary. |
| 170 | |
| 171 | The Synapses project from 1995-98 succeeded in implementing several pilot |
| 172 | record servers, built according to the Synom/Synod principle, across Europe (see CHIME and TCD web sites). The user requirements and information modelling workpackage was led by Dipak Kalra, and the implementation workpackage by David Ingram. |
| 173 | |
| 174 | Controversy still dogged the formal methods to be adopted and the principles |
| 175 | and detail of the Synom and Synod were difficult and contentious matters within the Synapses consortium. Legacy environments in the demonstrator sites inhibited freedom to design ''de novo'' and reconciling those who wished to restrict implementation to the concepts of the earlier CEN pre-standard model and those who favoured further evolution, utilising the later results of GEHR and moving forward from there was also difficult. Synapses proved another burning crucible of endeavour, where staying power was challenged to the full! |
| 176 | |
| 177 | Synapses reached a compromise to extend the fundamental concepts of Env |
| 178 | 12265, with new aggregation structures to accommodate the requirements analysed and provided for within the GEHR Object Model (GOM) in the later stages of the GEHR project. The low-level Synom/Synod approach, as further developed by the UCL team, proved a robust foundation of implementation, avoiding some of the implementation difficulties associated with the fine granularity of the single level architecture of the original GOM. Progress at UCL with the concept of the object dictionary and tools to support it was encouraging. |
| 179 | |
| 180 | == Australia awakens the world electronic health care records community to the approach of GEHR == #dsy20-OE_australia |
| 181 | Aware of the anti-GEHR sentiments in the UK and in CEN in Europe, Sam Heard |
| 182 | and Tom Beale joined forces again in Australia, in 1996, to work together to refine the GEHR Object Model through implementation. This also led to a two level modelling approach - the health record architecture itself and the clinical models or standards required for automatic processing of information. The latter has become known as the GEHR archetype system. |
| 183 | |
| 184 | The SynOD and Archetype approachesweresubsequently discovered to be largely |
| 185 | the same and have been progressively haremonised within a common ''open''EHR architecture. Peter Schloeffel had met David Ingram with Michael Britton, at UCL, in 1996 Michael and David Newble obtained British Council support to invite him to contribute key lectures at a symposium in Adelaide in August 1998, with Sam Heard, and there he met Peter again, as a local systems supplier. |
| 186 | |
| 187 | Following this event, Peter subsequently met Stan Sheppard and started to |
| 188 | develop a business partnership. In these partnerships began the renewed Australian focus on developing the results of the original GEHR project which has had a considerable influence, internationally in the ISO, HL7, CEN and, more importantly in many Net discussion groups and in meetings about the EHCR in the USA. In Australia, the team achieved considerable success in moving to the centre of the national development programme for the EHCR. They worked with systems R&D teams at DSTC on implementation of a GEHR server or kernel, based on the archetype model for content within a higher level information model close to the higher levels of the original GEHR object model. |
| 189 | |
| 190 | |
| 191 | |
380 | | '''- from GEHR and Synapses to Synex, Medicate and 6-winit in CHIME and |
381 | | UCL ''' |
382 | | |
383 | | The behaviour of standards communities in these times, spending much time, |
384 | | money and energy disputing and seemingly seeking above all else to dominate one |
385 | | another’s agendas, was scientifically extremely questionable, yet seemed to |
386 | | brook no questioning. It is not sufficient justification that standards for |
387 | | health information management are deemed crucially needed, that a crude |
388 | | consensus and legislative process be adopted for their definition, when the |
389 | | underpinning empirical foundations for organising and modelling information in |
390 | | the domain are still in process of evolution through empirical research. |
391 | | Monolithic modelling of healthcare information domains is clearly a fascinating |
392 | | exercise but, if devoid of empirical and practical context, clear domain |
393 | | definitions and verifiable objectives, has little if any meaning. Such models |
394 | | are in any case inevitably non-identifiable or non-unique formulations, |
395 | | incapable of purposive application within implementable and clinically viable |
396 | | systems. |
397 | | |
398 | | This may all sound rather obvious but a review of much work from many bodies, |
399 | | especially governmental and inter-governmental bodies over recent decades, will |
400 | | show that information standardisation has frequently proceeded devoid of |
401 | | empirical testing and validation and that many costly failures have resulted |
402 | | therefrom. This matters to patients and has been disastrous in the quest to use |
403 | | information technology to support cost-effective health care services! |
404 | | |
405 | | Given this flow of events, the UCL team concluded that three immediate things |
406 | | now mattered more than any other. These were implementation, implementation and |
407 | | implementation! |
408 | | |
409 | | The team thus put its head down to get on with developing its new research, |
410 | | alongside new graduate and educational programmes. In developing its ideas, post |
411 | | GEHR, it started a prolonged period of intensive software implementation and |
412 | | evaluation of the record architecture and object dictionary, led by Dipak Kalra |
413 | | with Tony Austin, David Lloyd and Alexis O’Connor, and Vivienne Griffith. This |
414 | | work was conducted throughout the EU Synapses project, then in the EU Synex, |
415 | | Medicate and now the 6-WINIT and CLEF projects, and with David Patterson as an |
416 | | invaluable clinical sponsor as head of the Whittington Hospial Cardiology |
417 | | services. In these projects, the underlying concepts evolved beyond GEHR were |
418 | | widely tested for implementation in cardiology, cancer and respiratory medicine |
419 | | domains, in hospital, telecare and now in mobile systems contexts. In the Synex |
420 | | Project a wider grouping of record architecture, terminology (GALEN) and |
421 | | protocols (Proforma) formalisms were drawn into the Consortium. This six-year |
422 | | trial by implementation rather than trial by standardisation committee has borne |
423 | | much fruit in implemented practical clinical exemplars of the record |
424 | | architecture and object dictionary at work. |
425 | | |
426 | | David Lloyd, co-ordinating the EHCR-SupA project, put a great deal of effort |
427 | | into continuing inputs to the next CEN team established to take record |
428 | | architecture forward and also into a concerted action within the Framework |
429 | | Programme, to look at synthesis among the different modelling approaches to the |
430 | | EHCR. |
431 | | |
432 | | |
433 | | == ''open''EHR == #dsy20-OE_openehr |
434 | | In 1998, at the conclusion of the Synapses Project, David Ingram circulated a |
435 | | paper about the need for a clinically focused Foundation to own the content |
436 | | domain around standards for clinical information management. It attracted |
437 | | interested comment and it was left with UCL to take it forward. In late 1999, a |
438 | | joint meeting of the Australian and UCL teams, in London, considered the forward |
439 | | pathway for the work of their two teams, in this context. They feared that some |
440 | | divergencies in their respective implementation pathway, architecture and |
441 | | content models were emerging and wished to work towards convergence again, if |
442 | | possible. The meeting decided to work to establish an open source foundation to |
443 | | take forward harmonisation in the field, from patient and clinical perspectives. |
444 | | The name ''open''EHR, proposed by David Ingram, was adopted. Membership, it |
445 | | was felt, should be open to all signing up to a set of principles guiding the |
446 | | Foundation’s activities, which emphasised constructive, inclusive and |
447 | | empirically based evolution of rigorously defined software and systems, |
448 | | organised around the two level strategy of the UCL object dictionary and the |
449 | | Australian archetype methodology. It was agreed to allow implementation to |
450 | | proceed in parallel over a further period of about a year before meeting to seek |
451 | | to reconcile a common achievable way forward. |
452 | | |
453 | | David Lloyd undertook the task of drawing together the threads from the |
454 | | meeting and developing an ''open''EHR web site. David Ingram was given a |
455 | | brief as chairman of the initiative to seek early funding of an umbrella to hold |
456 | | together the concept of a three-time zone foundation with component groups in |
457 | | Europe, Australia and the USA. Peter Schloeffel was asked to pursue a role as |
458 | | ambassador for ''open''EHR, to press ahead with Sam and Tom to establish |
459 | | the Australian chapter as the first step and to seek to find a USA partner. |
460 | | |
461 | | |
| 193 | '''- from GEHR and Synapses to Synex, Medicate and 6-winit in CHIME and''' |
| 194 | UCL ''' ''' |
| 195 | |
| 196 | The behaviour of standards communities in these times, spending much time, |
| 197 | money and energy disputing and seemingly seeking above all else to dominate one another’s agendas, was scientifically extremely questionable, yet seemed to brook no questioning. It is not sufficient justification that standards for health information management are deemed crucially needed, that a crude consensus and legislative process be adopted for their definition, when the underpinning empirical foundations for organising and modelling information in the domain are still in process of evolution through empirical research. Monolithic modelling of healthcare information domains is clearly a fascinating exercise but, if devoid of empirical and practical context, clear domain definitions and verifiable objectives, has little if any meaning. Such models are in any case inevitably non-identifiable or non-unique formulations, incapable of purposive application within implementable and clinically viable systems. |
| 198 | |
| 199 | This may all sound rather obvious but a review of much work from many bodies, |
| 200 | especially governmental and inter-governmental bodies over recent decades, will show that information standardisation has frequently proceeded devoid of empirical testing and validation and that many costly failures have resulted therefrom. This matters to patients and has been disastrous in the quest to use information technology to support cost-effective health care services! |
| 201 | |
| 202 | Given this flow of events, the UCL team concluded that three immediate things |
| 203 | now mattered more than any other. These were implementation, implementation and implementation! |
| 204 | |
| 205 | The team thus put its head down to get on with developing its new research, |
| 206 | alongside new graduate and educational programmes. In developing its ideas, post GEHR, it started a prolonged period of intensive software implementation and evaluation of the record architecture and object dictionary, led by Dipak Kalra with Tony Austin, David Lloyd and Alexis O’Connor, and Vivienne Griffith. This work was conducted throughout the EU Synapses project, then in the EU Synex, Medicate and now the 6-WINIT and CLEF projects, and with David Patterson as an invaluable clinical sponsor as head of the Whittington Hospial Cardiology services. In these projects, the underlying concepts evolved beyond GEHR were widely tested for implementation in cardiology, cancer and respiratory medicine domains, in hospital, telecare and now in mobile systems contexts. In the Synex Project a wider grouping of record architecture, terminology (GALEN) and protocols (Proforma) formalisms were drawn into the Consortium. This six-year trial by implementation rather than trial by standardisation committee has borne much fruit in implemented practical clinical exemplars of the record architecture and object dictionary at work. |
| 207 | |
| 208 | David Lloyd, co-ordinating the EHCR-SupA project, put a great deal of effort |
| 209 | into continuing inputs to the next CEN team established to take record architecture forward and also into a concerted action within the Framework Programme, to look at synthesis among the different modelling approaches to the EHCR. |
| 210 | |
| 211 | |
| 212 | |
| 213 | == ''open''EHR == #dsy20-OE_openehr |
| 214 | In 1998, at the conclusion of the Synapses Project, David Ingram circulated a |
| 215 | paper about the need for a clinically focused Foundation to own the content domain around standards for clinical information management. It attracted interested comment and it was left with UCL to take it forward. In late 1999, a joint meeting of the Australian and UCL teams, in London, considered the forward pathway for the work of their two teams, in this context. They feared that some divergencies in their respective implementation pathway, architecture and content models were emerging and wished to work towards convergence again, if possible. The meeting decided to work to establish an open source foundation to take forward harmonisation in the field, from patient and clinical perspectives. The name ''open''EHR, proposed by David Ingram, was adopted. Membership, it was felt, should be open to all signing up to a set of principles guiding the Foundation’s activities, which emphasised constructive, inclusive and empirically based evolution of rigorously defined software and systems, organised around the two level strategy of the UCL object dictionary and the Australian archetype methodology. It was agreed to allow implementation to proceed in parallel over a further period of about a year before meeting to seek to reconcile a common achievable way forward. |
| 216 | |
| 217 | David Lloyd undertook the task of drawing together the threads from the |
| 218 | meeting and developing an ''open''EHR web site. David Ingram was given a brief as chairman of the initiative to seek early funding of an umbrella to hold together the concept of a three-time zone foundation with component groups in Europe, Australia and the USA. Peter Schloeffel was asked to pursue a role as ambassador for ''open''EHR, to press ahead with Sam and Tom to establish the Australian chapter as the first step and to seek to find a USA partner. |
| 219 | |
| 220 | |
| 221 | |
571 | | Following the UK CSR2000 public spending review, in which David Ingram |
572 | | participated on the national research councils’ informatics committee, |
573 | | substantial investment is planned in the UK and Europe into GRID demonstrator |
574 | | projects. An opportunity arises to link bio-informatics and health informatics |
575 | | research and development here. The UCL team linked with Alan Rector in |
576 | | Manchester, with Don Detmar in Cambridge , and with other colleagues in |
577 | | Sheffield and Brighton to bid successfully for the CLEF project. |
578 | | |
579 | | Through the NHS National Plan, the opportunity arises to take forward |
580 | | demonstrators for the EHR in e-health incubator projects. Dipak Kalra has |
581 | | established excellent links with Oracle and the NHS project delivering an EHR |
582 | | for the national Cardiovascular disease service framework, building on the now |
583 | | very strong collaborative work at the Whittington Hospital. |
584 | | |
585 | | A week long meeting of the embryonic ''open''EHR international |
586 | | co-ordination group was held in London in February 2001, to review progress. It |
587 | | was attended by Sam, Tom, Peter, Mary, Dipak, David L and chaired by David I. |
588 | | |
589 | | The clinical and technical motivations for the Australian work on GEHR since |
590 | | 1997 and its focus on splitting the original GEHR approach into a two level |
591 | | architecture, centred on user defined clinical archetypes, was closely studied, |
592 | | alongside the implementations of the UCL ''open''EHR server incorporating |
593 | | the two level object model and object dictionary concept, evolved by UCL through |
594 | | its post GEHR projects. These systems are now seen, in the light of |
595 | | implementation experience of both teams over the year, to have been largely |
596 | | identical. UCL, now freed from the constraints of working within the compromises |
597 | | of Synapses and Synex in Europe, has reverted to its earlier GEHR approaches, to |
598 | | deliver clinical prototypes of its own EHCR record server, which is now termed |
599 | | an ''open''EHR server. This has been adopted, with Oracle Corporation as |
600 | | the basis of middleware for the South West Region of the NHS ERDIP project on |
601 | | electronic records for cardiovascualr disease. |
602 | | |
603 | | Now that the outcomes of the two streams of work are drawing together again |
604 | | in renewed collaboration, the differences appear small and the benefits of |
605 | | aligning them completely are compelling. At the meeting, the Australian and UCL |
606 | | teams worked intensively to define a convergence pathway for their work, within |
607 | | the emerging ''open''EHR Foundation. |
608 | | |
609 | | In the mean time, the Australian team has succeeded wonderfully well in |
610 | | creating the Australia and Far East ''open''EHR Foundation as a pilot |
611 | | initiative towards the vision of three such Foundations in Australia, Europe and |
612 | | the USA. |
613 | | |
614 | | We need to focus on these opportunities for cross-governmental funding for ''open''EHR, perhaps splitting the main open source and content |
615 | | standardisation roles of the foundation from a trading arm, owned by the |
616 | | Foundation, to develop revenue streams to support the goals of the Foundation. |
617 | | |
618 | | At the same time, we have to remain firmly focused on our continuing pathway |
619 | | of keeping our teams together, expanding our partnerships and delivering the |
620 | | results needed to win the day! |
| 295 | Following the UK CSR2000 public spending review, in which David Ingram |
| 296 | participated on the national research councils’ informatics committee, substantial investment is planned in the UK and Europe into GRID demonstrator projects. An opportunity arises to link bio-informatics and health informatics research and development here. The UCL team linked with Alan Rector in Manchester, with Don Detmar in Cambridge , and with other colleagues in Sheffield and Brighton to bid successfully for the CLEF project. |
| 297 | |
| 298 | Through the NHS National Plan, the opportunity arises to take forward |
| 299 | demonstrators for the EHR in e-health incubator projects. Dipak Kalra has established excellent links with Oracle and the NHS project delivering an EHR for the national Cardiovascular disease service framework, building on the now very strong collaborative work at the Whittington Hospital. |
| 300 | |
| 301 | A week long meeting of the embryonic ''open''EHR international |
| 302 | co-ordination group was held in London in February 2001, to review progress. It was attended by Sam, Tom, Peter, Mary, Dipak, David L and chaired by David I. |
| 303 | |
| 304 | The clinical and technical motivations for the Australian work on GEHR since |
| 305 | 1997 and its focus on splitting the original GEHR approach into a two level architecture, centred on user defined clinical archetypes, was closely studied, alongside the implementations of the UCL ''open''EHR server incorporating the two level object model and object dictionary concept, evolved by UCL through its post GEHR projects. These systems are now seen, in the light of implementation experience of both teams over the year, to have been largely identical. UCL, now freed from the constraints of working within the compromises of Synapses and Synex in Europe, has reverted to its earlier GEHR approaches, to deliver clinical prototypes of its own EHCR record server, which is now termed an ''open''EHR server. This has been adopted, with Oracle Corporation as the basis of middleware for the South West Region of the NHS ERDIP project on electronic records for cardiovascualr disease. |
| 306 | |
| 307 | Now that the outcomes of the two streams of work are drawing together again |
| 308 | in renewed collaboration, the differences appear small and the benefits of aligning them completely are compelling. At the meeting, the Australian and UCL teams worked intensively to define a convergence pathway for their work, within the emerging ''open''EHR Foundation. |
| 309 | |
| 310 | In the mean time, the Australian team has succeeded wonderfully well in |
| 311 | creating the Australia and Far East ''open''EHR Foundation as a pilot initiative towards the vision of three such Foundations in Australia, Europe and the USA. |
| 312 | |
| 313 | We need to focus on these opportunities for cross-governmental funding for ''open''EHR, perhaps splitting the main open source and content |
| 314 | standardisation roles of the foundation from a trading arm, owned by the Foundation, to develop revenue streams to support the goals of the Foundation. |
| 315 | |
| 316 | At the same time, we have to remain firmly focused on our continuing pathway |
| 317 | of keeping our teams together, expanding our partnerships and delivering the results needed to win the day! |